Scaffold development is a nascent field in drug development. These results indicated that the double-layered structure was suitable for the production of microcapsules for initial fire suppression, including highly volatile non-flammable agents with a low boiling point. This study confirmed that the double-layered microcapsules significantly improved thermal stability, resistance to core material loss, core material content and fire suppression performance compared to single wall microcapsules.
The double-layered microcapsules had an average particle diameter of about 309 μm, and a stable outer shell formed with a mass loss of 0.005% during long-term storage for 100 days. The outermost UF resin formed elaborate bonds with the gelatin-based shell, and thus, the structure of the outer shell became denser, thereby improving the loss resistance of the inner substance and thermal stability. To improve the durability of the fire suppression microcapsules and the stability of the ouster shell, a complex coacervation was used, which could be microencapsulated at a lower temperature, and the polymer shell was coated with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Fluorine-based non-flammable agents used as internal substances leaked through the fine pores of the polymer outer shell, leading to a degradation of fire extinguishing performance. All the obtained results support the potential use of the developed vertebral hydrogel bioimplant as a scaffold with good mechanical and biocompatible properties along with a good ability to eradicate the TB pathogen.įire in energy storage systems, such as lithium-ion batteries, has been raised as a serious concern due to the difficulty of suppressing it. Besides, loading of LEV and RIF in the implants declined the presence of the giant macrophages clusters as compared to control groups. Histological and immunohistochemistry micrographs showed the progress in healing process with the bioimplant. WST-1 test confirmed the biocompatibility and safety of the developed vertebral hydrogel bioimplant. Loading of the MPS-NPs in the hydrogel matrix governed the amount of released drugs by prolonging the period of release up to 60 days. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value against Mycobacterium bovis for LEV-loaded and RIF-loaded MPS-NPs were 6.50 and 1.33 µm/ml, respectively.Sequential release of drugs was observed after 15 days. The elastic modulus of the hydrogel was 7.18☐.78 MPa. The scaffold is composed of a biocompatible semi-interpenetrating (semi-IPN) gelatin-based hydrogel incorporating mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPS-NPs) loaded with rifampicin (RIF) and levofloxacin (LEV) to treat TB. The current work aimed to develop a bioimplant scaffold to treat spinal TB disease. Spinal tuberculosis (TB) represents around 1% of the recorded TB with a high mortality rate due to neurological complications and kyphosis. Thus, the BHA-based scaffold may be used as a bone graft. In conclusion, the BHA-based scaffold exhibited the desired physical and chemical characteristics that benefit in vivo performance versus the HA-based scaffold. It also showed increased osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes cell count that contributed to the integrity of the defect area. The BHA-GEL group showed robust expression of CD163 on day 7, which rapidly decreased over time. However, the expression of CD163 differed significantly between the groups. In vivo study showed that the expression of CD80 in the three experimental groups was not significantly different. The BHA-GEL scaffold had higher pore size and compressive strength and lower calcium-to-phosphorus ratio than the HA-GEL scaffold. The BHA-GEL scaffold showed a regular surface and spherical particle shape, whereas the HA-GEL scaffold exhibited irregular surface. Postoperatively (7, 14 and 28 days), the bone was radiologically evaluated, and stained with haematoxylin–eosin, anti-CD80 and anti-CD163. The defect model was carried out on the femur area of Wistar rats classified into three animal groups: defect, HA-GEL and BHA-GEL. For this purpose, the scaffold was formulated with gelatin (GEL) and characterised by SEM-EDX, FTIR and mini autograph. This study aims to compare the characteristics and in vivo performance of BHA-based and HA-based scaffolds. The HA scaffold is obtained from synthetic HA or natural sources, such as bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA). Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomaterial widely used to treat bone defect, such as due to traffic accident.
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